Molds Essays -- Biology, Spores

Humans spend 90% of their lives indoors (Sorenson, 1999), thus, they ar in contact with mold everyday of their lives. Because pile are indoors so often, harmful mold normally grows inside. There are three suits of molds, allergenic, pathogenic, and toxigenic. The most common are allergenic and pathogenic raise in homes. These molds tend to grow in benumb places, such as, bathrooms, kitchens, and basements. Within these growing molds, they produce spores (Flappen et al, 1999). Spores are used to pollinate and settle in damp locations to produce more molds. These spores are highly toxic to kinds over long durations. Some diseases include pulmonic discharge, hemosiderosis, and respiratory problems (Sorenson, 1999). Molds are dangerous to human life however, some molds are beneficial to humans. One type of mold includes Stachybotry atra commonly known as the black mold, which can cause pulmonary hemorrhage in infants (Flappan et al, 1999). This disease causes the upper respiratory system to bleed from the nose and tracheal (Flappan et al 1999). Sometimes this type of bleeding is not caused by pulmonary hemorrhage, but hemosiderosis. Hemosiderosis is when macrophages are iron-positive this causes the white blood cells to devour scarlet blood cells (Flappan et al 1999). Red blood cells carry oxygen to the different organs, without red blood cells the body system would fail. These two diseases are only harmful to human bodies for short-term, piece of music chronic asthma is long-term. People who were exposed to mold at a young age could suffer from asthma. Asthma is the most chronic problem induced during childhood by infesting indoor allergens. Mold is a type of indoor allergen that is common within urban areas (Ker... ...t pathogens (Weinhold, 2007). To reduce the amount of spores entering someones system, fix pipes and roofing problems, as well as, cleaning the wet in the vent ducts. While some molding issues could be fixed by sim ply removing the moldy object and disinfecting the area (book). Others believe it is the design of a building that causes mold inhabitations to provoke respiratory issues (Weinhold, 2007). However, there certain molds not harmful to the human body like Penicillum (Landsber, 1949). This mold creates antibiotics which helps fight pathogens. There are many things unknown about mold, but researchers are determined to learn every aspect. It is important to educate the world mold because some could save lives, while others could take it away. There are no current regulations set on dealing with mold, but some insurance companies providing mold coverage.

Thrasymachus Perspective on Human Nature Essay -- Thrasymachus Morali

Thrasymachus Perspective on Human NatureThrasymachus perspective of adult male nature is that we on the whole seek to maximize power, profit and possessions. He gives the argument that morality is not an objective truth exclusively rather a creation of the stronger (ruling) party to go to its own advantage. Therefore definitions of just and unjust, right and wrong, moral and immoral atomic number 18 all dependent upon the decree of the ruling party. Thrasymachus argues that acting chastely, in accordance with the ruling party, benefits the ruling party, while acting immorally, injures the ruling party and benefits oneself. Thrasymachus perceives human nature as our ruthless drive toward superiority. He believes that unless we are foolish moral simpletons, we will act according to what is ruff for us, namely living immorally on a quest to becoming principle of the world. He believes that our human nature has no qualms about committing immoral actions. In describing human nature Thrasymachus says, immorality has a bad name because people are afraid of being at the receiving end of it, not of doing it. (Republic 344c) When we finally reach the goal, the ideal of human nature, we will be able to practice immorality in its most perfect form, stealing what doesnt belong to us - consecrated and unconsecrated objects, private possessions, and public property - and we do so not on a small scale, but comprehensively. (Republic 344a-b) Thrasymachus makes the assumption that we are all driven to acquiring as much power, profit and possessions as possible. His argument for living immorally rests on the assumption that our human natures burning desire is for more of the three ps (power, profit and possessions), and that there is more ... ...ity is created by those in power, and thus, there is no absolute true morality, he concludes that the best way to satisfy his human desire is to acquire as much power as possible, and take from others as much as he can. B ecause his notion of morality is not fixed but created by those in power, he defines words like moral, just, and right based on ones respect with the rules of the ruling party. He claims that acting morally serves the ruling party because the ruling party designed the legal structure for its own benefit. Socrates raises some review articles, especially the criticism showing that people behaving immorally would not be able to act in concert with others and would fall out with others, which are compelling and discredit Thrasymachus position. From this it is decisive that Thrasymachus has not entirely captured the essence of human nature.

A Social Gathering Essay -- Communication, Broadcasting, Press

Innovations and inventions are driving todays market. Almost overnight, the concept of favorable media modifying business, large and small, has cause prevalent. With this aspect in mind, companies must replicatet the ever-changing atmosphere of the global business media. The types of media available include blogs, photo sharing, video sharing, personal social networks, events, email, label social networks, wikis (internet user edited encyclopedias), pod casting, and texting. This social content may be demarcated as what people make and share. Both big and small businesses must correct to an ever-changing economy due to the vast, expensive operation cost they need to cover. In order for small businesses to achieve leverage in an economy, they must shoot place social media to see success. Communal broadcasting is a way for consumers to effectively advertise a product free of charge and it is this aspect that is benefiting a company. Consumers go forth share with their network if the product gives them joy (Evans 26). This is why blogs are so influential. They create a temperament with readers that trust them. Bloggers talk about a product in context of their lifestyle allowing it to be relatable to the reader. Many laws currently are in existence that affects bloggers. Some of these laws concern freedom and speech and procure that potentially may differ from country to country and often times, the laws have not yet been updated to include more than traditional journalists (Legal). Bloggers specifically will have to find the fine line to walk on when most people in the blogosphere are normal people not familiar with produce laws. These laws exist for a reason though. Blogs and other social media not being censored by any ... ...omics leading away from more laissez-faire policies to instead, ones involving checks and balances with in the economy. With this prerogative, small businesses will be able to thrive and succeed while still maintaining a relationship with bigger business. To achieve such success, social media publicizing and innovative ways to catch the attention of the people must be employed. The internet and its growing abilities allows for even an individual to have a way to ascribe with the word. With different types of social media available from micro blogging to making interactive games, companies have the option to be flexible about how they want to get their product out to the mass public. This is why businesses may even have to be implementing the next new thing while also being aware of what social media is. The profound is to stay innovative to be successful.

Imagery and Diction in The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop Essay -- The Fish

Im get alongry and Diction in The Fish by Elizabeth BishopElizabeth Bishops use of seery and diction in The Fish is meant to stick out the subject areas of poster and the deceptive nature of surface appearance. Throughout the course of the metrical composition these themes lead the narrator to the important realization that aging (as represented by the lean) is non a negative process, and allows for a reverie for all life. Imagery and diction are the cornerstone methods implemented by Bishop in the symbolic nature of this poem. The form of address of the poem itself dictates the simplicity Bishop wishes to convey regarding the narrators view of his catch. A tilt is a creature that has preceded the creation of man on this planet. Therefore, Bishop supplies the reader with a subject that is fundamentally ageless and eternal, like life itself. In nurture examination of this idea the narrator is, in relation to the fish, very young, which helps introduce the theme of dece ptive appearances in familiarity with age by building off the nonion that youth is ignorant and quick to judge. Bishops initial description of the fish is meant to further develop this theme by presenting the reader with a fish that is battered, venerable, and homely. Bishop compares the fish to ancient wallpaper. Even without the word ancient preceding it, the general conception of wallpaper is something that fades into the background. One is not conjectural to take much notice of it. To add to this impartial picture, the fish is brown, the signature color of dullness. Shapes like full-blown roses stained and lost through age (lines 14-15) further cement the public figure of something with little time left. Fully bloomed roses conjure the image of a flower whose petals are at t... ...tors growing kinship with the fish. She creates, first, an image of the fish as a helpless captive and the reader is allowed to feel sorry for the fish and even pity his situation as the narrator does. The narrators relationship with the fish then grows to one of personal regard as he engages in further study and is able to look past his initial observation. The persona image of the rainbow offers a perfect way to drive home the process of aging as a dignified and even celebratory act. Not save is it a very optimistic image of color and gaiety, but the rainbow is traditionally paired with the concept of treasure once the end of it is reached. When applied to the intended cognitive content of the poem, it may be interpreted that Bishop is implying that nearing the end of ones life is like nearing the end of the rainbow and accepting a reward for a life well lived. Imagery and Diction in The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop Essay -- The Fish Imagery and Diction in The Fish by Elizabeth BishopElizabeth Bishops use of imagery and diction in The Fish is meant to support the themes of observation and the deceptive nature of surface appearance. Throughout the course of the poem these themes lead the narrator to the important realization that aging (as represented by the fish) is not a negative process, and allows for a reverie for all life. Imagery and diction are the cornerstone methods implemented by Bishop in the symbolic nature of this poem. The title of the poem itself dictates the simplicity Bishop wishes to convey regarding the narrators view of his catch. A fish is a creature that has preceded the creation of man on this planet. Therefore, Bishop supplies the reader with a subject that is essentially constant and eternal, like life itself. In further examination of this idea the narrator is, in relation to the fish, very young, which helps introduce the theme of deceptive appearances in conjunction with age by building off the notion that youth is ignorant and quick to judge. Bishops initial description of the fish is meant to further develop this theme by presenting the reader with a fish that is battered, venerable, a nd homely. Bishop compares the fish to ancient wallpaper. Even without the word ancient preceding it, the general conception of wallpaper is something that fades into the background. One is not supposed to take much notice of it. To add to this impartial picture, the fish is brown, the signature color of dullness. Shapes like full-blown roses stained and lost through age (lines 14-15) further cement the image of something with little time left. Fully bloomed roses conjure the image of a flower whose petals are at t... ...tors growing relationship with the fish. She creates, first, an image of the fish as a helpless captive and the reader is allowed to feel sorry for the fish and even pity his situation as the narrator does. The narrators relationship with the fish then grows to one of personal regard as he engages in further study and is able to look past his initial observation. The parting image of the rainbow offers a perfect way to drive home the process of aging as a dignified and even celebratory act. Not only is it a very optimistic image of color and gaiety, but the rainbow is traditionally paired with the concept of treasure once the end of it is reached. When applied to the intended message of the poem, it may be interpreted that Bishop is implying that nearing the end of ones life is like nearing the end of the rainbow and accepting a reward for a life well lived.

The History and Literary Context of Silas Marner Essay -- English Lite

The History and Literary Context of Silas MarnerSilas Marner was written in 1860 by Mary Ann (Marian) Evans, betterknown under the pen name of George Eliot. She used this name forseveral reasons for one, shed had affairs with a variety ofunsuitable men, which was greatly frowned upon in those days, and sherightly thought this could affect her career as a successful novelist.For another reason, women authors were looked down upon by critics andindeed, society, so she felt sure she would have a greater chance ofsuccess under a male name. Other women writers like the Bront sistershave done similar things.Whilst she was young she was a firm Christian, as was expected. It wasonly later that she began to question her faith, when she met theunconventional Charles Bray and his wife Caroline. Eliots father washorrified when he discovered this, having an evangelical outlook onlife. He bust contact with Eliot entirely, ashamed that one of hischildren should turn out to be a non-believer. Howev er, when hermother died in 1836, Eliot returned home to look after her fatheralthough she wouldnt give up her education and learnt German andItalian.Because of her linguistic skills, Eliots first publication was atranslation of Strauss Life of Jesus, under her real name. She stillwas not writing novels until she met George Lewes. Lewes was marriedand with children, scarce he and Eliot grew gradually closer until theyfinally decided to elope. As Lewes was already married, he and Eliotcould not be officially joined in matrimony, but they lived togetherlike man and wife, and Eliot even went under the name Lewes. Theirrelationship was censured by many, and Eliot hardly left the house,be orgasm... ..., and soon many peoplefrom all over Raveloe were coming to Silas to have him cure theirrheumatism and other ailments, adding more darkly that if you couldonly speak the devil fair enough, he Silas might save you the costof the doctor. So witchcraft was still in peoples minds. Drugs wereal so used in that time, and Godfrey Casss wife, Molly, was addictedto opium, the drug which finally killed her.The life that George Eliot was depicting in Silas Marner was one inwhich privation and wealth lived side by side, and people accepted thatthat was how things were. Religion was very important to all, whetherit was non-conformist or Anglican. By the time George Eliot wroteSilas Marner she had lost her Christian faith, and this could have excite her to write about somebody who also loses their faithalthough, unlike George Eliot, Silas regains his.

The History and Literary Context of Silas Marner Essay -- English Lite

The History and Literary Context of Silas MarnerSilas Marner was written in 1860 by Mary Ann (Marian) Evans, better cognize under the pen name of George Eliot. She used this name forseveral reasons for angiotensin-converting enzyme, shed had affairs with a variety ofunsuitable men, which was greatly frowned upon in those days, and sherightly thought this could cloak her career as a winnerful novelist.For another reason, women authors were looked down upon by critics andindeed, society, so she felt sure she would have a greater chance ofsuccess under a male name. Other women writers like the Bront sistershave done similar things.Whilst she was young she was a firm Christian, as was expected. It wasonly later that she began to research her faith, when she met theunconventional Charles Bray and his wife Caroline. Eliots father washorrified when he discovered this, having an evangelical outlook onlife. He broke contact with Eliot entirely, ashamed that one of hischildren should turn o ut to be a non-believer. However, when hermother died in 1836, Eliot returned home to look after her fatheralthough she wouldnt give up her education and learnt German andItalian.Because of her linguistic skills, Eliots first publication was atranslation of Strauss Life of Jesus, under her real name. She stillwas not writing novels until she met George Lewes. Lewes was marriedand with children, but he and Eliot grew gradually walking(prenominal) until theyfinally decided to elope. As Lewes was already married, he and Eliotcould not be officially joined in matrimony, but they lived togetherlike man and wife, and Eliot notwithstanding went under the name Lewes. Theirrelationship was censured by many, and Eliot hardly left the house,becoming... ..., and soon many peoplefrom all over Raveloe were coming to Silas to have him cure their rheumatoid arthritis and other ailments, adding more darkly that if you couldonly speak the devil fair enough, he Silas might save you the costof the d octor. So witchcraft was still in peoples minds. Drugs werealso used in that time, and Godfrey Casss wife, Molly, was addictedto opium, the drug which finally killed her.The life that George Eliot was depicting in Silas Marner was one inwhich poverty and wealth lived side by side, and people accepted thatthat was how things were. Religion was very important to all, whetherit was non-conformist or Anglican. By the time George Eliot wroteSilas Marner she had lost her Christian faith, and this could haveinspired her to write about somebody who also loses their faithalthough, unlike George Eliot, Silas regains his.

Difference Between Men And Women

For centuries, the differences between workforce and wo hands were lovingly defined through a lens of sexism, in which men assumed to be superior over women. The visual sensation of equality between the sexes has narrowed the possibilities for discovery of what truly exists within a creation and women. The world would be less interesting when everything is the same. Today none of us would argue that men and women atomic number 18 physically incompatible, but they differ emotionally, and mentally. The physical differences are rather obvious and most of these can be seen and easily thrifty such as Weight, shape, and size.There are many physical differences that are not notice able-bodied. Men are 3o percent stronger especially in upper body strength. On the other hand, women have greater body fat percentages because women have children. No matter how strong men are they will never be able to cargo deck child birth. Men build muscle easily, they have thicker oilier skin, they bru ise less easily, and have a lower ability of injuries to their extremities. Men and women have different hormone levels such as testosterone, while women have a higher concentration of estrogens.Testosterone is a antheral sex hormone that is important for sexual and reproductive development. Estrogen is a hormone in women that shapes the characteristic of the body. I can go on and on with many physical differences but lastly men have larger hearts, brains, and lungs. Since their hearts are bigger that hatefuls that they are filled with love, care and affection. Their brains are 11-12 percent bigger than womens so this should mean that they are the smartest creatures ever. Even though they have big hearts and a bigger brain sadly it has nothing to do with intelligence or their emotions.It is for producing more(prenominal) red blood cells because of their muscle mass. Emotionally men and women have a significant difference. I am not a man so I cannot speak for men when I say that men compulsion trust. A man feels trusted when a womans attitude is open, to trust a man is to believe in his abilities and intentions. Women of necessity caring, when a man shows interest in a womans feelings she feels loved and cared for and becomes more open. Men needs acceptance, men are not very comfortable of being changed. If a woman lovingly receives a man without trying to change him he feels accepted.Women need takeing, when a man listens without judgment, but with empathy she feels heard and understood. When a womans need to be heard and understood is fulfilled it is easier for her to accept his needs. A man needs appreciation, when a woman acknowledges the little things her man has take ine for her he feels appreciated. When he feels appreciated he is encouraged to do more. Now I understand that some guys here are not going to agree with me nor the girls, and I respect that because I can only speak for myself.Mentally men and women differ drastically. Women are better at communicating because of the frontal lobe which is responsible for hassle solving. The limbic cortex of the female brain is larger than the male counterparts, this provides women with an advantage in problem solving and emotionally. Remember earlier I said that men have bigger brains? Well, the male brain contains more grey matter whereas a female brain contains more white matter. White matter basically increases thoughts more rapidly than males.Females speak from a more emotional perspective. It is due to chemistry and social learning. There is a stereotypical idea that females within the general public that has made it easier for women to openly cry, sympathize, laugh etc without feeling judged or vulnerable like male counterpart might feel in a similar situation. For instance, a man and a woman go on a movie era and there is a sad movie playing and the woman starts to cry. The man might want to cry to but instead he hides it due to embarrassment. (I dont know why)Everyone understands that there are plenty of differences between men and women but we all have to realize that God created all of us for a reason. Men and women are totally different but it is more exciting to have varieties rather than everything being the same. As it is written in the Bible men cannot live without women. We need to all face the facts that men and women are different but we should all be treated equally. Guys have you ever had this said to you? You do this like a girl or you do that like a girl.It is not only offensive to guys, but it is offensive to girls as well. Now, girls do handle situations differently. I admit we can get a little feisty. For instance someone throws something at Jessie, Jessie would throw the object back and then proceeds in offensive word play. The same situation applies to Sammie he throws the object back and then laughs it off then it becomes a fun game rather than an inessential fight. Men and women do things differently but we still need to res pect each other because we are all Gods children.

Belief in Miracles: Mysterious Works of God

In aiming to discuss the possibility of the existence of miracles, it is important to define to any(prenominal) extent the meaning of what a miracle is. nigh people view miracles as being extraordinary acts of an omnipotent idol, who unilaterally determines some creaturely states of affairs providing sorts of slap-ups (Keller, 2007). However, it is often difficult to justify these astonishing acts without a squ be connection to the proof surrounding the events.Keller proposes a distinction between epistemic and virtual(a) miracles, in that the former serves as a kind of miracle which supports the existence of God and miracles without physical proof and the latter demonstrating the actual proven physical existence of God and miracles. In addressing miracles within this essay, it is essential to note the distinctions between epistemic and practical miracles, although the existence of both types of miracles, both unproven and proven, are supported as true.There are not enough int elligent scientists in the entire world to explain the grandeur and complexity of the universe, to capture the forms and functions of miracles in the constructs of human thought and language, and adjudicateing to do so will most likely fail. All miracles, both substantiated and silent and uncorroborated and mysterious, are a testament to the master nature of God, the explicable and inexplicable realms of His universal reign and intelligent design. In his 1997 article, Woodward discusses the possibility of Gods intercession, describing peoples experiences with the power of miracles.One man portrays miracles as being Gods answers to his prayers, appeals he requests without knowing the actions God will take. The actions of God following his prayers are the miracles performed, plain and simple. Not every wish is answered in the way he desires, but he has faith that the way in which God responds to him is always and truly rattling(a). In a confident statement assuring faith in Gods mysterious works, he states that he trusts Him to have a good answer to his prayers.Thats not the same as knowing what the answer is (Woodward, 1997). In another persons story, she and her aim were both connected in spirit and vision, although living miles apart, at the same moment. In desperate appeals for Gods help, the two women were thatd by the grace and peace of God, in their opinions, the mother who was praying on her knees at home comforted by a replacement of fear with security and the daughter who was almost raped saved from her terror by an impulse in the rapist to flee the scene.Personal accounts such as these are qualitative evidence for the presence of God working in the world through miraculous benevolent acts, which could also be described as epistemic miracles. In his 1997 article, Adler describes the lives and opinions of atheists who do not regard in God or the proposed miracles which he performs. As a NASA scientist, Sagan was optimistic about the possibility of life on Mars and the idea of encountering life on Venus.With his disappointment in his own metaphysical failures or simply stiff personal opposition to the idea of a God, Sagan has countered many claims about the belief in God and his miraculous works with demands for scientific proof. Sagan claims he was brought to skepticism by his claim that support for religious evidence is anecdotal, however, he asserts that if there is a God who performs miracles, thusly it is his responsibility to try and know about it.Sagan feels as if quantitative evidence for the idea of practical miracles is important, demonstrating the yearning for something predictable and calculated. In his 2000 article, Hefner also describes why he opposes the idea of unsubstantiated miracles. He suggests that God could not possible perform miracles to save some people, because other people suffer and are sacrificed all the time. He concludes that it is blasphemy to believe in a God who intercedes for chosen peo ple, because that would mean that he allows the others to succumb to destruction.Hefner asserts that if miracles mean that people are saved by faith in their darkest moments, then that is something he can believe, however, if miracles are defined as something which alters the laws of nature to redirect the ordinary course of events, then he contests the idea of miracles. Adler and Hefner both declare that miracles essential be able to be proved physically through reliable calculations of natural law. Although some people do not believe in miracles or all types of miracles, there is no doubt that God and his extraordinary works certainly do exist.Although people such as Hefner attempt to reject some aspects of miracles, such as believing that people can be saved by faith yet are unable to be saved by an interventionist God, these dual perceptions of miracles are incompatible. There is no reason why people should be able to save themselves, yet God be unable to save them. If people a nd God are interrelated, in fact one Spirit, as described in Trinitarian philosophy, then the desires of individuals are most certainly in wrinkle with the grand universal, and vice versa.As the actions of many people cannot be explained with certainty or clarity in many regards, neither can the actions of God through His miraculous interventions. Individuals are able to communicate and intervene in the lives of one another all the time, often without scientific evidence for their purpose, through the will of God, and God participates in this human to human experience. Direct divine intervention in the lives of people is adequately described by the ones who experience it, although often unable to be explained or calculated in highly scientific terms.It makes sense to believe in the joy and salvation which can be transferred from person to person and from people to the divine and the divine to people. Not believing in it is only depressing, and also unverifiable by scientific method s. Works Cited Adler, J. Unbelievers Quest. Newsweek, 1997. Hefner, P. Why I begettert Believe in Miracles. Newsweek, 2000. Keller, J. Problems of Evil and the Power of God. Ashgate, 2007. Woodward, K. Is God Listening? Newsweek, 1997.

Role Off Company Secretary

A confederation Secretary is a person at very tall fructify in a private sector play along or public sector organization, normally at a managerial position. In some countries in a public sector the union depository is reoffered as Corporate Secretary or Secretary. There is a requirement to appoint corporation depositary. It is already understood that a come with is the creation of justice, having rights, duties and obligations just as that of human being. The so-called legal entity may therefore sue and be sued Salomans case. but because of the abstract nature of a familiarity as a person it becomes necessary that directors be put in place to see to the effective campaign of the corporation. However, the directors atomic number 18 not required to be lawyers nor go through anything about the society law. In the homogeneous regard, the prompters of the company need not be lawyers or know anything about company law. But a company being an artificial person, created by operation of law, must subsist as a person on law it must continue to obey the provisions of the law since it derives its existence as a person from it.Therefore it becomes necessary that the company be communicate effectively in a manner that conforms to the statutes and other regulations and best practices hence the need for a smart set Secretary. The position of a company secretary is created by the law creation of law in section 293 -298 of the Companies and Allied Matters, Act, 2004 which provides for the appointment and functions of the bon ton Secretary, with special reference to public companies .The Company Secretary is responsible for the businesslike functioning and administration of a company, oddly with regard to ensuring compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements and for ensuring that decisions of the Board of Directors be implemented. 1 Even though the name suggests the job of a clerk or secretary it is nothing related to it. The company secretary ticks that an organization complies with relevant legislation and regulation, and keeps board members informed of their legal responsibilities.Company secretaries atomic number 18 the companys named representative on legal documents, and it is their responsibility to ensure that the company and its directors operate within the law. It is in like manner their responsibility to register and communicate with sh arholders, to ensure that dividends ar nonrecreational and to maintain company records, such as lists of directors and sh beholders, and annual accounts. In many countries, private companies have traditionally been required by law to appoint one person as a ompany secretary, and this person will also usually be a senior board member. A company secretary is one of the senior board members according to the law in India. Most batch forming a company undervalue the importance of a company secretary. The company secretary is the named representative on legal documents and it is their responsibility to advice the directors of their incorporated compliance obligations.In moat established companies the company secretary serves as a focal point between the board of directors, senior heed and the companys shareholder. Since 6th April 2008 there is no longer a legal requirement to have a company secretary, although many limited companies appoint one to cover a range of jobs roles. A job of a company secretary is to organize and prepare agendas. A company secretary takes minutes at the board meeting and annual general meetings.Filing with the companies house, maintaining company records and statutory books are some of the important deals of company secretary. A company secretary deals with stock transfer and dividends he ensures the security of the companys legal documents. He also ensures compliance with all the legal and the statutory requirements. He builds up a contact with external and regulatory bodies Roles and responsibilitiesThe Company in all sectors have high level responsibilities including governance structures and mechanisms, corporate conduct within an organizations regulatory environment, board, shareholder and trustee meetings, compliance with legal, regulatory and listing requirements, the training and initiation of non-executives and trustees, contact with regulatory and external bodies, reports and circulars to shareholders/trustees, management of employee benefits such as pensions and employee share, insurance administration and organization, the negotiation of contracts, risk management, comme il fautty administration and organization and the interpretation of monetary accounts.Company secretaries are the primary source of advice on the conduct of business and this can span everything from legal advice on conflicts of interest, through accounting advice on pecuniary reports, to the development of strategy and corporate planning. Among public companies in North America, providing advice on corporate governance is sues is an increasingly important role for corporate secretaries. legion(predicate) shareholders, particularly institutional investors, view sound corporate governance as essential to board and company commitance. They are quite vocal in encouraging boards to perform frequent corporate governance reviews and to issue written statements of corporate governance principles.The corporate secretary is usually the executive to assist directors in these efforts, providing information on the practices of other companies, and helping the board to tailor corporate governance principles and practices to fit the boards needs and expectations of investors. In some companies, the role of the corporate secretary as corporate governance adviser has been formalized, with a style such as Chief Governance Officer added to their existing title. In view of the important roles the company secretary plays in business, PLCs and large companies require the company secretary to be suitably trained, experi enced and professionally qualified for these responsibilities.In the UK, the company secretary may be qualified by virtue of examination and membership of the institute of chartered company secretary and administration (ICSA), which is the main qualification specifically for company secretaries. ICSA is the body dedicated to the advancement and recognition of professional administration based on a combination of degree-level studies, carefully vetted experience and sponsorship by two people of professional status. Only a person thus qualified is entitled to be designated a Chartered Secretary or Chartered Company Secretary. The Faculty of Secretaries and Administrators founded in 1930 is the second body of corporate secretaries in the United Kingdom and now has a strong emphasis on equality work and governance and its members are designated corporate secretaries or certified public secretaries.It is expected that Company Secretaries of Publicly Quoted Companies will be professionall y qualified through ICSA, one of the Chartered headmaster Bodies in the Accountancy Profession or have appropriate training and experience through another body. In India, the implant of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) regulates the profession of Company secretaries. ICSI is a statutory professional body which has more than 29,010 associate members. Chartered secretaries are employed as chairs, chief executives and non-executive directors, as well as executives and company secretaries. Some chartered secretaries are also known in their own companies as corporate secretarial executives/managers or corporate secretarial directors. Chartered Secretaries are the sixth highest paid employees in the UK according to the Office for National Statistics Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (March 2010).Many corporate secretaries of North American public companies are lawyers and some serve as their corporations general counsel. While this can be helpful in the execution of their duties it can also create ambiguity as to what is legal advice, protected by privilege, and what is business advice. In India every company having a paid up share capital of Rs. 50 million (5 crores) or more is required to appoint a qualified person as Company Secretary. A company having not less than Rs. one million (10 lacs) paid up capital and not required to appoint a full-time company Secretary should file a compliance certificate signed by a practising Company Secretary with the Registrar of Companies.Section 383A of the Companies Act, 1956 provides for the mandatory appointment of a whole time secretary where the paid up capital of the Company exceeds Rs. 50 million (5 crores). If the capital is less than Rs. 50 million (5 crores), the company is required to obtain a secretarial compliance certificate and attach the same to the Directors Report and file it with the Registrar of Companies. Statutory declarations of compliance under various other provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 ar e also to be certified by practicing company secretaries. Under the MCA 21 e filing regime several forms (including some, exclusively) are required to be pre-certified by practicing company secretaries.The MCA 21 regime has ushered in a dramatic change in the role and profile of the profession, particularly, the practicing side. The annual returns of companies listed on recognized stock exchanges are to be signed by a practising company secretary. Further, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) also recognizes the Company Secretary as the Compliance Officer and the practicing company secretary to issue various certificates under its Regulations. Further, the practicing Company Secretaries are also authorized to certify compliance of conditions of corporate governance in case of listed companies. The Reserve Bank of India also authorizes company secretaries to issue various certificates.The Institute of Company Secretaries of India is the premier professional body to devel op and regulate the profession of Company Secretaries in India. It was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1980. When the Companies Bill, 2011 will be passed by the parliament and becomes an Act, the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) will be given powers of a court and all matters relating to Company Law would be heard before it instead of High Court. A Company Secretary would be eligible to appear before NCLT. This will chip in more opportunities for a Company Secretary. What Does a Corporate Secretary Do? So just what does a Corporate Secretary* do, anyway?A thoroughly question, but difficult to answer While the basic duties of the Corporate Secretary can be outlined easily, the positions overall responsibilitiesand the fit of the role within senior managementvary and are more difficult to explain. A Corporate Secretary is required by state corporation laws for every corporation he or she is, at the most basic level, the individual who keeps the official records and minutes of the corporation. Corporate by-laws set forth the powers and duties of the Corporate Secretary and other corporate officers. whizz may think that the Corporate Secretary is merely a combination of scrivener and custodian, but this is not the case in practice.The Corporate Secretary in todays world is a senior corporate officer with wide-ranging responsibilities, who serves as a focal point for communication with and between the board of directors, senior management and the companys shareholders, and who has a key role in the administration of the Board and critical corporate matters. The Corporate Secretary is often a confidante and counselor to the Chief decision maker Officer, members of the Board, and other members of senior management, especially on corporate governance matters. A key responsibility for the Corporate Secretary is to ensure that Board members have the proper advice and resources for discharging their fiduciary duties to shareholders under state law.A Corporate S ecretary also is responsible for ensuring that the records of the Boards actions reflect the proper exercise of those fiduciary duties. Some Corporate Secretaries who are lawyers handle this function themselves others partner with the General Counsel and/or outside counsel. The function ranges from making sure new directors have training in the applicable state law duties and the business of the company, to ensuring that management follows the proper steps for major corporate actions such as share issuances, the declaration of dividends, and mergers, acquisitions, or dispositions of corporate assets. A Corporate Secretary also provides advice on corporate governance ssues, particularly related to the re-election of directors and other shareholder action taken at Annual Meetings. Many shareholders, particularly institutional investors, view sound corporate governance as essential to board and company performance. The Corporate Secretary is usually responsible for a companys Corporate Governance Principles or Guidelines. In some companies, the role of the Secretary as corporate governance adviser has been formalized, with a title such as Chief Governance Officer or Corporate Governance Officer added to their existing title. Most Corporate Secretaries are responsible for the spare-time activity (More details are available by clicking on some of these topics. ) 1. Board and Committee Meetings

A World Lit Only by Fire

A World well-lighted Only By Fire, a magnificent handwriting written by William compositionchester transform the way people saw the medieval and the renaissance times. He portraits a very vivid scope of that time opening our eyes to what materially happen to the people who lived that era. The book is divided into three parts The Medieval Mind, The Shattering and the last part, One Man Alone. The first part of the book introduce us to a new berth and understanding of what the author believe, thanks to his investigations, form and mold the medieval mind.The connection of this time was one of indifference toward others, corruption, violence, and cruelty. Men of the church building were blind by the violence the Holy See gave them, and by the name of that same church, the one that was mantic to protect the interest of all the faithful Christian, was the one that cause thousands of innocent deaths. When you read things kindred this you think that it arseholet get worse, only w hen when you nourish reading you realize that not even the sins where taken seriously and that corruption was worse than we thought moreover, the worst part of the situation were the diseases.Education was so ignored by the people that at some point as the people infected with the diseases try to reach for a doctor or a person that can cure them they find themselves without a good treatment just because the ignorance led them to became an illiterate society with a seriously lack of ethics, moral but more than important, the base of success, the education.At the end of this part Manchester set very clearly that this society was so insignificant, they were like stock in time, fighting the impossible, the change, a revolution toward a new time fill with amazing thinkers and discoveries but with the same or worse characteristic that define this era, corruption and injustice. This new beginning is the Renaissance. With the re race of an era the author begins the second part of the bo ok The Shattering.Manchester goes more deeply in the corruption of the church and the new intellectuals that emerged to expose to the world their ideas of what in their perspective was for example the way to obtain salvation. For example we have Erasmus and Martin Luther, two extraordinary humanists that fought basically against The Invincible the Catholic Church. Both of them spread their ideas of salvation and faith but at the same time they reveal the mistakes and corruption committed by church officials.The Church of that time was sick with the power it have. Especially, the one sick with this power was the head master, The Pope. He was the first to commit mortal sins like murders and incest. Thanks to all the corruption and indifference from the church, the faith of the fellows toward them began to decrease rapidly causing the church to lose a lot of the power they loved so much. The renaissance was an era of change, fighting, and unexpected discoveries made by extraordinary pe ople.This lead us to the nett part of the book, One Man Alone, basically concentrated in the trajectory, discoveries, and life of Ferdinand Magellan. He and his voyages will change completely and irrevocably the world as they issue it. William Manchester as hi let us know in the note at the beginning of the book almost all of his sources ar secondary. Most of these sources are documents and studies about the medieval and renaissance time, but he also uses some primary sources like Life on a Medieval Barony by William Stearns Davis.He pictures the medieval community and experiences very clearly. Another source Manchester uses is works from Dr. Timothy Joyner and James Boyden, both work help the author complete this book with real facts from historians who studied very deeply the medieval and renaissance era. In my honest opinion this is not the type of reading I actually expect to be reading in school. I was expecting something more monotonous, but never expect to find this readin g so interesting.Maybe is the fact that most of the themes treated in the book are not new to me. Being this my first time reading from William Manchester I can really say I love his works but I can really tell that if all his books are like this one I will certainly enjoy them. A World Lit Only By Fire has opened the eyes of every single person that read it to the reality of that time it actually make me feel like I was living in that monstrous time but it was a really great experience.However this book is not for everybody the people how read it have to be open mind to the past and most important they have to know how interpret the point of view and critics of the author. Finally William Manchester is a great writer he knows how to balance between his critics, point of view, and the reality of the facts. Reading this brightening book was worth my summer time and I hope that the books I will be depute to read in the future are as good as this one.